读后感：《Madame Bovary》(讀後感巴爾紮克夫人)

读这篇小说对于男性读者来说实在是一种折磨，我建议男性把书架上所有名著读完后，才把它拿来一读。
虽然是名著，但主要情节还是女人婚外恋，没有跌宕起伏的情节。

一八五六至一八五七年间，法国《巴黎杂志》上连载的一部小说轰动了文坛，同时也在社会上引起了轩然大波。
1857年怒不可遏的司法当局对作者提起公诉，指控小说“伤风败俗、亵渎宗教”（brought to trial for the immorality and irreligion），并传唤作者到法庭受审。
这位作者就是古斯塔夫·福楼拜（1821-1880），他是19世纪中叶法国现实主义作家，生于法国诺曼底卢昂医生世家。
这部小说就是他的代表作《包法利夫人》。
After Flaubert's acquittal on 7 February 1857, 《Madame Bovary》became a bestseller in April 1857，隐居乡野、籍籍无名的作者从此奠定了自己的文学声誉和在文学史上的地位。

从1764年英国兰纺织工詹姆斯·哈格里夫斯制成以他女儿珍妮命名的纺纱机开始，然后1785年，瓦特又制成了改良型蒸汽机。
到1840年前后，英国的大机器生产基本上取代了传统的工厂手工业，工业革命基本完成。
虽然比英国稍晚，但到19世纪中期，法国工业革命也基本上已经完成。
工业革命使得大机器生产基本上取代了传统的工厂手工业，同时社会财富的增加必然导致原来的社会价值观被剧烈冲击。
狄更斯1859年出版的《双城记》、1861年出版的《远大前程》和福楼拜1856年出版的《包法利夫人》虽然故事情节、写作风格迥异，但都是两位伟大的作家都不约而同地敏锐地注意到并描写了一个崭新时代在取代旧时代后社会上出现的崭新的矛盾，从而写成了这三部世界名著。

改革开放45年来，我们的社会也发生了翻天覆地的变化，社会财富、社会形态以及社会价值观也自然地发生了巨变，我们还没有反映这个巨变的世界名著出现，但是我们这个时代不也同样面临着《包法利夫人》中所反映的社会巨变对原有社会价值观的冲击吗？

我觉得《包法利夫人》现实意义只有一条：中国的殷实之家如何培养女儿？现在把女儿送去国际学校的家长们正在犯Emma父亲同样的错误！
这些女孩子们的人生命运将同悲惨的Emma很相似！

Emma的父亲是一个很有爱的人，在写给Emma的信中，他感人地写到：It grieves me that I haven’t seen my darling granddaughter. I have planted a plum tree for her in the garden under my window, and I won’t let anyone touch it except to make some stewed plum for her later. I’ll keep them in cupboard for her till she comes. 这么一位慈爱的老人为什么会教育出命运这么不幸的女儿呢？

原因在于Emma的父亲异想天开，让她去修道院的寄宿学校接受大家闺秀的教育，这是Emma悲惨命运的根源。
She had gone to boarding school in a convent, where she had received what was known as a “fine education”, she had been taught dancing, geography, drawing, needlework and piano.

高中的女生正是世界观形成的关键时期，一旦脱离家庭，被送往寄宿学校，她们的价值观就很难受到父母耳提面命细致入微式的熏染，过早地进入集体生活使得她们将来的世界观会同父母的世界观迥然不同！
这也就造就其与原生家庭的未来矛盾。

另外，Emma家是随着社会进步而刚刚步入富裕阶层不久(their grandfather was a shepherd, they have a cousin who almost went to prison for stabbing a man during a quarrel), 只有这样的家庭才能有实力供养自己的女儿进入贵族学校，这样的家庭也最渴望能通过联姻捷径迅速实现阶层的进一步跨越！
我们这个时代里，但凡经过一代人奋斗使得家境殷实起来的60后-80后父母，不也都是同Emma的父亲一样含辛茹苦地、想方设法地把女儿在高中阶段送往国际学校，希望她们成为靠夫君而腾达的郭晶晶和宋美龄吗？

Emma父亲的做法也符合中国“穷养儿、富养女”的古训，这是是害人的育儿经！
女儿之所以要“富养”，是为了将来嫁入豪门，在父母眼里，这当然是女儿极好的归宿。
由于豪门数量有限，必然是大多数女儿只能过着平庸的生活，可是如同Emma, 她受到的“高尚风雅”教育后，她只对贵族的生活元素感兴趣，对普通百姓的生活元素是不屑一顾的（They lived above other people, in a sublime region of their own, somewhere between heaven and earth. As for the rest of the world, it was lost to her; it had no specific location and scarcely seemed to exist as all. And the closer things were to her, the farther her mind turned away from them.）。
她对婚后生活应该充满着她所读的书中的“passion”and “rapture”. 脱离家庭生活的青春期的女孩已经在贵族学校受教育期间生出了毛病。
您在国际学校的女儿还愿意亲近你的穷亲戚吗？

所有中国国际学校里的女生们可否知道，急功近利的父母可能已经为你们选择了一条类似Emma的悲惨命运！
建议这些女生的父母要看一遍《包法利夫人》，尽快改变培养方向，女儿也要穷养，要尽量培养孩子接近父母的价值观、让孩子既能仰望星空，又具备脚踏实地的品质。
机会了来了，“大鹏一日同风起，扶摇直上九万里”，如果命运多舛，也能”竹杖芒鞋轻胜马，一蓑烟雨任平生”。

Flaubert as the first master of perfect realism.

福楼拜创作时彻底排除了主观抒情成分，形成一种独创的客观主义风格。
福楼拜之所以赢得盛誉，首先就归功于他的创新精神。
他的最大建树，就是从作品中删去了作家自我，创造了所谓客观性艺术。

福楼拜是继巴尔扎克之后法国声望最高的小说家。
他的作品表面看去简单、平实，细细领会方知韵味无穷。
莫泊桑把他的艺术评为“绚烂之极归于平淡”。
福楼拜曾这样教育弟子莫泊桑：“某一现象，只能用一种方式来表达，只能用一个名词来概括，只能用一个形容词表明其特性，只能用一个动词使它生动起来，作家的责任就是以超人的努力寻求这惟一的名词、形容词和动词。
Obsessed by the absolute belief that there exists only one way of expressing a thing, one noun to name it, one adjective to qualify it and one verb to set it in motion, he engaged in a superhuman labour in order to discover for each sentence that noun, that epithet, and that verb. Thus he believed in a mysterious harmony of language, when a suitable term did not seem to him euphonious, he searched for another with an unconquerable patience. 他是法国的“贾岛”，作家中的工程师！

巴尔扎克是举世公认的现实主义大师，巴尔扎克的作品中，永远看得见作者的巨大身影。
他激情满怀，与他虚构的人物同呼吸共命运，时时刻刻在剖析他们的心理，评判他们的言行，甚至以作者身份在一旁击节叹息。
和巴尔扎克不同，福楼拜主张从作品中排除作家自我，不流露感情，不插入议论，不让一字一句留下作者的观点或意图的痕迹。
福楼拜主张作家约束自己的感情，像自然科学家对待大自然那样，以冷静客观的态度，对事物作出完全客观的、科学的反映。
巴尔扎克笔下的人物几乎个个充满激情，有着强烈的欲望和追求，因而个个色彩鲜明、有棱有角；福楼拜却重视中间色调，习惯于塑造中间人物或中间性格。
他指出“中间色调的真实性不下于鲜明色调”。
莫泊桑说福楼拜“深深地藏匿自己，像木偶戏演员那样小心翼翼地遮掩着自己手中的提线，尽可能不让观众觉察出他的声音”。

Flaubert believed in and pursued the principle of finding “the right word", which he considered as the key means to achieve high quality in literary art. He worked in sullen solitude, sometimes occupying a week in the completion of one page, never satisfied with what he had composed. Flaubert said he wished to forge a style "that would be rhythmic as verse, precise as the language of the sciences, undulant, deep-voiced as a cello, tipped with flame: a style that would pierce your idea like a dagger, and on which your thought would sail easily ahead over a smooth surface, like a skiff before a good tail wind." He famously said that "an author in his book must be like God in the universe, present everywhere and visible nowhere."

This painstaking style of writing is also evident when one compares Flaubert's output over a lifetime to that of his peers (for example Balzac or Zola). Flaubert published much less prolifically than was the norm for his time and never got near the pace of a novel a year, as his peers often achieved during their peaks of activity. He really is the "martyr of style".

福楼拜死后，学生莫泊桑说：“终于，这次他倒下了。
文学杀死了他，正如爱情杀死了一个情人。
”

《包法利夫人》的故事取自现实

包法利的原型是福楼拜的a schoolfriend，1812年出生的欧解·德拉玛，他居住在离Rouen 东面20公里the small market town of Ry（小说中的Yonville 离Rouen 20 miles）。
1834年前，他在福楼拜父亲主持的卢昂医院实习，同年9月18日取得行医执照，但不得动大手术；1836年和三十岁的寡妇（小说中改为四十五岁）结婚，寡妇死后，又于1839年8月7日和十七岁的农家女德尔芬·库蒂丽叶Delphine Delamare（包法利夫人艾玛的原型）结婚。
德尔芬长得很美，曾在卢昂一家修道院学习，但她生性风流，喜欢交男朋友。
据她婚后的女佣奥古斯汀·梅娜吉（小说中的费莉西）说：她们两人同岁，无话不谈，常常同读小说，羡慕贵族夫人生活。
，德尔芬自视很高，说起话来声音清脆如玉，对平凡的婚后生活不满，又不信教，搞了两次婚外恋。
起初，她结识了同村里一个唐璜式的人物，做了他的情妇。
不久，此人离她去了美国，她又搭上一名律师事务所的书记。
她日日花天酒地，以致负债累累（we know of civil registration documents, an acknowledgement of debts towards the Flaubert parents,），无法解脱，1848年3月6日最终服砒霜自杀（砒霜 was stolen from the village chemist）。
死时26岁。
同小说一样她的丈夫也于次年自杀，留下女儿孤苦伶仃一人。

在离Ry教堂仅仅几米，有一块 “包法利夫人”的原型·德尔芬妮·德拉马尔的墓地

此墓碑是当地人出于对她的喜爱才为她建立的，上面甚至工工整整地写着“Delphine Delamare née Couturier”（德尔芬妮·德拉马尔，娘家姓库蒂尔）

真名下还明明白白地刻着“Madame Bovary”（包法利夫人）

小说中的the Café Français，现在是Le Bovary restaurant

人物总结

Emma Bovary is the novel's eponymous protagonist (Charles's mother and his former wife are also referred to as Madame Bovary). She has a highly romanticized view of the world and craves beauty, wealth, passion, as well as high society. She is irresponsible, immature, and neurotic woman full of covetous desires.

She is gasping for love as a carp gasping for water on a kitchen table. Her dreams fell into the mud like wounded swallows. She turned to be spendthrift, liar and depraved. It is the disparity between these romantic ideals and the realities of her country life that drive most of the novel, leading her into two affairs and to accrue a sizable debt that eventually leads to her suicide.

她认为丈夫contemptible, weak and insignificant，platitudinous. 艾玛还很不善良，当丈夫做骨科手术失败，成名无望时，当丈夫filled with tenderness and despair, turned to his wife and said: “Kiss me, darling !” “Don’t come near me !” She said, flushed with anger. 对丈夫努力后的失败不予抚慰和支持，这样的妻子在中西文化中都是要遭唾弃的。
如果说幻想高贵生活、沉溺于偷情是因她压抑欲望的宣泄而可以理解和同情的话，对失败的丈夫表现出的冷酷和厌恶则彻底撕下了她这丑陋灵魂的最后一张遮羞布！

Charles Bovary, Emma's husband, He lacks intelligence and imagination; he is naive and unaggressive ,philistine and self-complacent /smug and has the most conventional and mundane interests. He is a country doctor by profession but is, as in everything else, not very good at it. Yet he is a healthy man who enjoys his work, earned the loyalty and friendship of his patients in Tôtes; Charles adores and idolizes his wife and finds her faultless and irreproachable despite obvious evidence to the contrary. He never suspects her affairs and gives her complete control over his finances, thereby securing his own ruin. 在信任Emma这一点上，他达到了不可理喻的程度或者说福楼拜编故事编的不可信（他让Emma独自留下同Leon看第二唱戏；他向Rodolphe借马使其陪Emma骑马），世上哪有这样愚钝的男人，把漂亮媳妇拱手交到别人手里两次）。
事实上，Despite Charles's complete devotion to Emma, she despises him, for she finds him the epitome of all that is dull and common. 愚钝

以极的Charles在Emma死后发现了Rodolphe写给Emma的信后，仍然deluded by the respectful tone of the letter, 还认为“Maybe they love each other platonically” !

一般读者认为他是个受害者和宽厚的好丈夫，实际上，他也是同Emma一样对前妻不忠，他讨厌前妻，爱慕Emma，只是他的追求比较隐忍，不像Emma一样大胆炽烈而已。
The boldness of his desire protested against the servility of his conduct. With a kind of naïve hypocrisy, he felt that being forbidden to see Emma gave him a right to love her.

他也染上了商业社会的通病：Vanity虚荣。
Six shelves of the bookcase were filled by a set of 《The Dictionary of the Medical Sciences》whose pages were uncut, bought and sold by a long succession of different owners.

Rodolphe Boulanger is a wealthy local man who seduces Emma as one more in a long string of mistresses. Though occasionally charmed by Emma, Rodolphe feels little true emotion towards her. As Emma becomes more and more desperate, Rodolphe loses interest and worries about her lack of caution. After his decision to escape with Emma, he resigns and feels unable to handle it, especially the existence of her daughter, Berthe.

Léon Dupuis is a clerk who introduces Emma to poetry and who falls in love with her. He was usually shy and maintained a reserve that was composed of both modesty and dissimulation.

He leaves Yonville when he despairs of Emma reciprocating his feelings, but the two reconnect after Emma's affair with Rodolphe Boulanger collapses. T

Lheureux is a manipulative and sly merchant ,an unscrupulous moneylender who continually convinces people in Yonville to buy goods on credit and borrow money from him. Having led many small businesspeople into financial ruin to support his business ambitions, Lheureux lends money to Charles and plays Emma masterfully, leading the Bovarys so far into debt as to cause their financial ruin and Emma's suicide.

Homais, The apothecary at Yonville. He is vehemently anti-clerical and practises medicine without a license, obsequious and pretentious. He is pompous and prone to long-winded speeches on subjects he is ill-informed on. He is not above under-handed tactics or manipulation to achieve his goals.

He is one of the most successful supporting characters in the novel. He stands for the new middle-class spirit and "progressive" outlook that Flaubert detested so much. Homais' intellect is limited, and he is poorly educated, but he is pretentious and puffed up with self-esteem. His talk consists of cliches and half-truths, and he demonstrates all the limitations and prejudices of the new bourgeoisie. He is an avowed agnostic and an exponent of Voltaire, yet he is fearful and superstitious in the face of death. Furthermore, he is cowardly and irresponsible, as is shown in the aftermath of the episode concerning the operation on Hippolyte, and though he professes equalitarian principles, he is himself status conscious. Some of the best comic scenes in the novel are the conversations between Homais and his rival, the priest.

Bournisien The priest at Yonville. He is a good-natured and simple man but utterly lacking in intelligence, perception, or sophistication. He accepts and defends all the dogmatic and outmoded aspects of official church thought and never dares to question anything. He has no understanding of the real needs of his parishioners. He represents the ignorance and inadequacies of the rural clergy in Flaubert's time and serves as an effective counterpoint to Homais.

Justin is Monsieur Homais' teen-age apprentice and second cousin. He had been taken into the house on charity and was useful at the same time as a servant. He harbors a crush on Emma and is seen crying on her grave near the end of the novel. At one point he steals the key to the medical supply room, and Emma tricks him into opening a container of arsenic so she can "kill some rats ". She, however, consumes the arsenic herself, much to his horror and remorse.

Mme. Bovary the Elder, Charles' mother. In order to compensate for the unhappiness of her marriage, she has been an overly protective and indulgent mother. When her son becomes an adult, she is grasping and domineering and tries to run his life for him. She is jealous of Charles' affection for his wife, and as a result, she and Emma do not get along well.

M. Bovary Charles' father. He is a former army officer who was forced to resign from the service. He is tyrannical, cruel, and boastful; he spends and drinks too much and is an unfaithful husband.

Roualt Emma's father. He is a simple and nearly illiterate peasant, but he is the only character of any significance in the novel who is genuinely warm and unselfish.

Binet The tax collector at Yonville.

Maitre Guillaumin, The lawyer at Yonville for whom Leon originally worked. Emma asks him for help near the end of the novel.

福楼拜在鲁昂出生、成长，在《包法利夫人》这本书中，很多著名场景也以鲁昂为原型的。

鲁昂大教堂，Emma 与 Léon 约会的地方。
法国著名画家莫奈曾经以这座教堂为主题，画了近三十幅作品，部分作品目前珍藏于巴黎的奥赛博物馆。

圣女贞德在旧市集广场被处以火刑。

金句

In the depths of her soul, she was waiting for something to happen. Like sailor in distress, she kept scanning the solitude of her life with anxious eyes, straining to sight some far-off white sail in the mists of horizon. She did not know how it would come to her, to what shores it would carry her, whether it would be a launch or a towering three-decker, laden with sorrow or filled to the gunwales with bliss. But every morning when she awoke she expected it to arrive that day; she listened to every sound, periodically leapt to her feet with a start and was surprised when she saw it had not come; then, at sundown, sadder than ever, she longed for the next day.

The mind moves more freely in the presence of the boundless expanse, that the sight of it elevates the soul and give rise to thoughts of the infinite and the ideal.

The pain of losing them would be greater than the happiness of possessing them.

Her soul, exhausted and aching from so much pride, was at last resting in Christian humility; and, savouring the pleasure of being weak.

She involuntarily smiled with self-satisfaction when she saw the crowd hurrying into the right along another corridor while she climbed the stairs leading to the first tier.

Her worst day in the past seemed enviable to her.

He felt that delightful mixture of triumphant pride and egotistic sentimentality which a millionaire must feel when he revisits the mumble village of his childhood.

It is better not to touch our idols, the gilt comes off on our hands.

She was beginning to find in adultery all the dullness of marriage. She even wished for a catastrophe that would bring about their separation, since she did not have the courage to take any action herself. Everything, including herself, seemed unbearable to her.

The sentence in a book must stir like the leaves in a forest, all similar, but no two alike.

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